Rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates pdf

Save to Library Save. Create Alert Alert. Share This Paper. Background Citations. Methods Citations. Results Citations. Tables from this paper. Citation Type. Has PDF. Publication Type. More Filters. The Marmoset Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Stereotaxic atlas of the guinea pig brainstem. A stereotaxis atlas of the adult guinea pig brainstem is presented. The maps include the structures of medulla, pons, and caudal midbrain region.

View 1 excerpt. Modular organization of the primate corticostriatal system. Thesis Ph. Stereotaxic surgery for implantation of guide cannulas for microinjection into the dorsomedial hypothalamus in young rats. Graphical abstract. View 1 excerpt, cites methods. It is published 12 times a year Journal of Neurophysiology. View 1 excerpt, cites background. This work was embargoed by its author and will not be publicly available until June 30, Highly Influenced.

View 2 excerpts, cites methods. Topographic organization of subcortical projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat. The Journal of comparative neurology. Subcortical projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei were studied in the rat, with special reference to projections from the mammillary nuclei, by retrograde and anterograde transport of wheat … Expand.

As a consequence, stereotactic body radiotherapy is mostly delivered in a limited number of fractions, thereby blending the concept of stereotactic radiosurgery with the therapeutic benefits of fractionated radiotherapy. Functional neurosurgery comprises treatment of several disorders such as Parkinson's disease, hyperkinesia, disorder of muscle tone, intractable pain, convulsive disorders and psychological phenomena.

Most of the interventions made for treatment consisted of cortical extirpation. To alleviate extra pyramidal disorders, pioneer Russell Meyers dissected or transected the head of the caudate nucleus in , [22] and part of the putamen and globus pallidus. Attempts to abolish intractable pain were made with success by transection of the spinothalamic tract at spinal medullary level and further proximally, even at mesencephalic levels. In Putnam and Oliver tried to improve Parkinsonism and hyperkinesias by trying a series of modifications of the lateral and antero-lateral cordotomies.

Additionally, other scientists like Schurman, Walker, and Guiot made significant contributions to functional neurosurgery. In , Cooper discovered by chance that ligation of the anterior chorioidal artery resulted in improvement of Parkinson's disease.

From then on, thalamic lesions became the target point with more satisfactory results. More recent clinical applications can be seen [24] in surgeries used to treat Parkinson's disease, such as Pallidotomy or Thalamotomy lesioning procedures , or Deep Brain Stimulation DBS. The electrode is connected to a small battery operated stimulator that is placed under the collarbone, where a wire runs beneath the skin to connect it to the electrode in the brain.

The stimulator produces electrical impulses that affect the nerve cells around the electrode and should help alleviate tremors or symptoms that are associated with the affected area. In Thalamotomy, a needle electrode is placed into the thalamus, and the patient must cooperate with tasks assigned to find the affected area- after this area of the thalamus is located, a small high frequency current is applied to the electrode and this destroys a small part of the thalamus.

The stereotactic method was first published in by two British scientists, Victor Horsley, a physician and neurosurgeon, and Robert H. The Horsley—Clarke apparatus used a Cartesian three-orthogonal axis system. Clarke used the original to do research that led to publications of primate and cat brain atlases. There is no evidence it was ever used in a human surgery. Mussen's behest by a London workshop in , but it received little attention and does not appear to have been used on people.

It was a frame made of brass. The first stereotactic device used in humans was used by Martin Kirschner, for a method to treat trigeminal neuralgia by inserting an electrode into the trigeminal nerve and ablating it. He published this in Spiegel who had fled Austria when the Nazis took over [26] and Henry T. Wycis, published their work on a device similar to the Horsley—Clarke apparatus in using a cartesian system; it was attached to the patient's head with a plaster cast instead of screws.

Their device was the first to be used for brain surgery; they used it for psychosurgery. They also created the first atlas of the human brain, and used intracranial reference points, generated by using medical images acquired with contrast agents.

The work of Spiegel and Wycis sparked enormous interest and research. In , Lars Leksell published a device that used polar coordinates instead of cartesian, and two years later he published work where he used his device to target a beam of radiation into a brain.

Lars Leksell went on to commercialize his inventions by founding Elekta in In , Russell A. Brown proposed a device, [36] now known as the N-localizer, [37] that enables guidance of stereotactic surgery using tomographic images that are obtained via medical imaging technologies such as X-ray computed tomography CT , [38] magnetic resonance imaging MRI , [39] or positron emission tomography PET.

The stereotactic method has continued to evolve, and at present employs an elaborate mixture of image-guided surgery that uses computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and stereotactic localization. Stereotactic surgery is sometimes used to aid in several different types of animal research studies. Specifically, it is used to target specific sites of the brain and directly introduce pharmacological agents to the brain which otherwise may not be able to cross the blood—brain barrier.

Site specific central microinjections are used when rodents do not need to be awake and behaving or when the substance to be injected has a long duration of action. These protocols take longer than site-specific central injections in anesthetized mice because they require the construction of cannulae, wire plugs, and injection needles, but induce less stress in the animals because they allow for a recovery period for the healing of trauma induced to the brain before injection.

Stereotactic surgery Brain biopsy using a needle mounted on a stereotactic instrument.