Jm diamond tools

This patent was assigned to the Universal Tool Company, a Utah corporation and presumably an earlier venture by the inventors. A slide-adjusting pipe wrench operating on similar principles is described by patent 1,, , filed by Evans and Hemphill in and issued on March 27, The patent date refers to patent 1,, , filed by Evans and Hemphill in and issued on that date.

The company's main product was an eight-way multi-socket wrench described by patent 1,, , filed by John Sisolak in and issued in Although not marked with a patent notice, this tool is covered by patent 1,, , issued to J. Sisolak in The patent pending status refers to patent 1,, , filed by J.

Sisolak in and issued in The Hartford Special Machinery Company operated in Hartford, Connecticut and is currently known only for the unusual pliers in the next figure.

The other handle is stamped with a "Pat. The lower left inset shows a closeup of one jaw, illustrating the round groove used to form a wire ring. The tip of the jaw appears to have been chipped off. The patent notice refers to the patent 1,, , issued to J. Merritt in The Hawkeye Wrench Company was a tool maker operating in Marshalltown, Iowa during the early 20th century.

The company is best known for a line of alligator wrenches with thread-cutting dies in the center. The Hawkeye alligator wrenches were based on the Benesh patent , , filed by C.

Benesh in By the wrenches were in production and were being advertised, as the next figure indicates. One end of the wrench is equipped with a screwdriver tip, the defining feature for the "Crocodile" models. The Heller Brothers Company was founded in the mid 19th century in Newark, New Jersey, and operated initially as a maker of files, rasps, and farrier's tools. The company claimed to have been established in , but we haven't yet found any public references to confirm that date. The Industrial Directory of New Jersey on page noted the Heller Brothers as a maker of rasps and files with 81 employees, and the Heller Tool Company as a maker of farrier's tools with 48 employees.

In the s the company became well known for a line of self-adjusting nut and pipe wrenches, sold under the "Masterench" brand. The reverse is marked "Heller Brothers Co. The earlier patent date corresponds to the patent 1,, , and the later date is for patent 1,, Both were issued to E. Lynch et al with assignment to the Masterench Corporation. The reverse is also marked with a "Pat. The patent notice refers to the patents 1,, and 1,, , issued in and , respectively. Hibbard Spencer Bartlett sometimes abbreviated H.

The company sold tools and other hardware under both the manufacturer's brands and under several of their own brands, including the True Value line of hardware still known today. One of the company's well-known brands from the early 20th century was called "Revonoc" or "Rev-O-Noc", a reversed form of the name Conover. In the company registered "Rev-O-Noc" as trademark 54, This brand was probably derived from the name of Charles Hopkins Conover, a long-time employee of the company who began in as a buyer and in became the company's president.

The Hinckley-Myers Company operated in Chicago, Illinois as maker of automobile specialty equipment and tools. Their products included items such as cylinder reboring machines, and their customers were probably automobile dealers and repair shops. Currently we don't have much information on the company, but have found a few references in trade publications from the s and s. Some later references to the company give a location in Jackson, Michigan, suggesting that the company may have moved, or possibly opened a branch office.

The shank is also marked with a forged-in code "EZ The "Z" year code in the Bonney date code system would indicate production in The shank is also marked with a forged-in code "BM The "M" year code in the Bonney date code would indicate production in Currently we don't have much information on the company, but have found a few references in trade publications from the early s.

The illustration at the top shows a "Lightning Wrench", a plier-wrench combining pipe and nut gripping surfaces. The patent date on the tool refers to patent , , filed by A. Hjorth in and issued on September 8, The middle illustration shows the "Empire" pipe wrench, with a patent date referring to patent , This patent was filed by Karl Peterson in and issued on August 4, Karl Peterson went on to become the founder of the Crescent Tool Company.

Finally, the bottom illustration shows a pair of combination pliers. The advertisement was placed by Wiebusch and Hilger, acting as manufacturer's agents for the Hjorth company.

A similar reference can be found in the January 18, issue of The Horseless Age , which notes Hjorth as the maker of a "Lightning" plier wrench, an "Empire" pipe wrench, and combination pliers.

The notice in Fig. The shareholders were E. Cook, president; W. Opdyke, vice president; and W. Stitt, secretary and treasurer. A few years before this, the founder W. Hjorth had formed a new venture, the Forged Tool Products Company. We'll follow up on these leads as time permits. The patent date refers to patent , , filed by J. Tiner in and issued later that year. Hjorth "Lightning Wrench" pliers marked with this early patent are less commonly found. The patent date refers to patent , , filed by A.

These pliers are fitted with a replaceable lower jaw secured by a machine screw. This feature would suggest somewhat later production than the pliers in the prior figure. Hjorth" and "Jamestown" near the pivot. In Wm. Hjorth introduced a line of crescent-style adjustable wrenches, initially in sizes 6, 8, and 10 inches. The Hoe Corporation was founded in Poughkeepsie, New York in the mid s, and is known primarily as the maker of a self-adjusting pipe wrench patented by F.

The patent date refers to patent 1,, , filed by Frederic P. Robert in and issued in Its primary product was a hex-drive brace wrench designed so that the sockets could be stored on the wrench shank.

The Hol-Set brace wrench was based on patent 1,, , filed in by J. Judge and issued in We found this patent by accident and immediately recognized the tool from the patent illustration.

The Hol-Set tools were apparently still available in The scan in Fig. Channon catalog No. The illustration shows the set with six standard sockets, one deep socket, a universal joint, a valve grinder attachment, and a separate Ell-handle. Currently this is our only catalog reference for this tool. The circular end piece is stamped "Hol-Set Mfg.

The wrench set came supplied with a hanging hook visible near the center, a nice convenience feature. The sockets acquired with the set consist of three standard sockets and one deep socket; however, as might be expected by the extra space on the shank, the original set included more sizes see below.

The sockets are unmarked, and the finish is plain steel. The patent applied notation is a reference to patent 1,, , filed in by J. The pending status suggests production between and , assuming that the company would have marked the patent number or date once issued. The universal is missing the detent ball for its drive stud, as can be seen by the empty hole.

This is easy enough to repair, requiring just a ball bearing of the right size and a small spring. We added this entry as a place to display tools bearing the "Hudson Forge" marking, but have suspected for some time that the "Hudson Forge Co" was a brand rather than an actual tool company. This suspicion was recently confirmed with the discovery of trademark , , which displays the text "Hudson Forge Co" in a circular logo. The trademark was issued to the W. Grant Company in The image shows the text "Hudson Forge Co" along curved arcs.

The W. Grant Company was a department store and mail-order retailer, similar in operation to Sears, Roebuck but on a smaller scale. The gripping pattern on these pliers closely resembles the checkered pattern used by the J. Danielson Company , which provided contract manufacturing for a number of companies, including Sears, Roebuck.

The Imperial Tool Company was founded in Bloomington, Illinois in as the maker of an "Any Angle" adjustable wrench and other tools. In Ransom Y. Bovee was granted patent 1,, for an adjustable wrench with a novel handle arrangement that allowed the handle to be set at different angles.

The patent document notes an assignment to the Imperial Tool Company of Bloomington, Illinois, and based on published references, the initial production of the "Any Angle" wrench was by Imperial Tool.

The middle illustration shows the "Any Angle" wrench. In addition to the "Any Angle" patent, Ransom Bovee also received patent 1,, for a pipe wrench, and patent 1,, for another pipe wrench design. This second pipe wrench patent resembles the third wrench in the illustration.

The illustration shows the ability of the wrench head to be set at different angles. The text notes that the company had acquired the patent rights to a "hand wrench" from Ransom Y. Bovee, and this may be a reference to the "Any Angle" wrench. However, Bovee also had other wrench patents. The next figure shows an example of the "Any Angle" wrench produced by the Automatic Transmission Company. The shank is also marked with a "Patent Nov.

The patent date refers to patent 1,, , filed by R. Bovee in and issued on November 21, This example of the "Any Angle" wrench is not marked with a company name. However, the forged-in reference to Lima, Ohio indicates that this example was produced by the Automatic Transmission Company of that city.

Interstate Drop Forge was a merchant drop-forging company, founded in and operating in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Interstate produced forgings for a number of industrial customers, including tool companies, and Interstate is being noted here due to its work for Blackhawk and Snap-on.

The text notes the hiring of Robert C. Yates as general manager, and states that Interstate Drop Forging had been founded in as a maker of small forgings. Interstate's production can be identified by its use of the DIF forging mark, a raised symbol with a tall "I" in the center, flanked by shorter "D" and "F" letters.

In the s some of Snap-on's ratchet handles were forged by Interstate, and these can be identified by the DIF symbol. Snap-on appears to have used multiple foundries at that time though, so only a fraction of their ratchets were made by Interstate. Excellent service overall. Tony D. I love and trust doing business with JM Bullion. It is a peace of mind unrivaled in the industry!

A trusted name and professional in service and quality, very satisfied so far! Adam C. Verified Customer United States submitted January 03, I am a return customer, and my experience with JM Bullion has been great!

The fast deliveries and great selections are definitely a plus! View All Reviews. Frequently Asked Questions. Google Play Store. All Rights Reserved. There is a continuing drive toward miniaturization in a number of industries including the semiconductor, optoelectronic, and medical industries that is stimulated by requirements that include enhanced functionality, performance and reliability, increased energy efficiency, a cleaner environment, improved healthcare, and reduced costs.

Despite many qualified technologies that have been established for the manufacture of precision parts and microstructured surfaces in the field of MEMS and energy assisted processes, mechanical processes such as diamond machining play a significant role for the generation of microstructured surfaces and precision parts [ 50 ]. Ultraprecision machine tools with a sophisticated, dedicated, and demanding design are one of the major prerequisites for performing ultraprecision machining.

The fundamental bases for precision design and mechanical accuracy were described by Moore [ 51 ] in his classic text. The historical evolution of ultraprecision equipment and machine tools, and in general, the discipline of precision engineering has been put forth by Evans [ 2 , 52 ].

Recently, Preuss [ 53 ] described the techniques involved in diamond machining from a production engineering perspective. Masuzawa [ 54 ] described the two conditions that should be met when considering a range of micromachining processes, namely, unit removal and equipment precision. When considering the design of ultraprecision machine tools, the stringent requirements that must be met are 1 thermal stability, 2 precision spindle bearings and linear guides, and 3 high resolution of linear and rotary motions [ 48 ].

Specific features of such dedicated machine tools therefore include a compact size, enclosures for temperature controlled air circulation, hydrostatic air bearings and guide ways or hydrostatic oil bearings with low friction [ 55 ], special motors and specific encoders for nanometric tool positioning, and high thermal stability [ 56 ].

The machinability of the workpiece material factors into the overall performance of the ultraprecision machine tool. Typical materials that can be diamond machined are aluminum and copper alloys, electroless nickel-phosphor plating and polymers.

As diamond machining technology developed, it was observed that hard and brittle materials could also be successfully machined including both single crystal and polycrystalline materials such as silicon [ 57 ] and germanium [ 58 ]. Even steel, which exhibits chemical instability wear with diamond [ 59 ], has shown the possibility to be machined with diamond tools [ 60 , 61 ], although tool wear is still a limitation. In addition to the machinability of the workpiece material, the performance of the machine tool itself governs achievable form accuracy and surface roughness.

Therefore, natural granite, polymer concrete, and other materials with high stiffness and damping properties are used to minimize vibration and deformation effects during surface generation [ 51 , 62 ]. Additionally, spindle performance and dynamics must be analyzed and optimized to reduce imbalance-induced vibrations, so as to minimize the required balancing effort, enhance the performance, or achieve automation [ 63 — 65 ]. When compared with conventional machining, typical diamond machining processes are limited with respect to flexibility and economic efficiency.

To overcome these shortcomings, new machine tool-based approaches for high-performance ultraprecision machining are being developed.

These include the application of high-speed spindles, and faster and more precise balancing procedures [ 66 ]. For all ultraprecision machining processes, accurate workpiece clamping is vital for high surface quality and shape conformity. Clamping includes workpiece centering and alignment, as well as precision balancing; the latter being of highest importance when large, heavy workpieces or off-axis parts are machined in order to avoid process-induced vibrations [ 67 ].

In addition, monitoring of ultraprecision machining processes with techniques such as acoustic emission has been shown to provide addition in situ feedback of unwanted shifts in the process [ 68 ]. The most commonly used tool material for ultraprecision machining is single crystal diamond which exhibits several unique properties especially well-suited for extreme precision cutting including high hardness, high thermal conductivity, high wear resistance, and low friction [ 69 ].

Equally important is the capability of single crystal diamond to be lapped and polished to achieve sharp and precise cutting edges with radii down to a few tens of nanometers. There are two basic types of single crystal diamond tools used in diamond machining, viz.

In addition to lapping and polishing to obtain the needed geometry of the diamond tool, focused ion beam machining has also been used to prepare the diamond tool edge [ 70 ]. Typical shapes of diamond tools [ 53 ]. Alignment of the diamond tool is essential for both diamond turning and diamond milling.

Tools must be precisely aligned with respect to the coordinate axes of the workpiece and the machine tool. Deviations can lead to significant aberrations in the geometry of the machined part. To determine the tool radius and the exact tool position within the machine tool coordinates, tool alignment is performed manually, through tool set stations, with on-machine camera systems or with the machining of witness samples [ 67 ].

Despite the high hardness of diamond, single crystal diamond tools show signs of wear when machining all materials. Types of wear that have been observed include abrasive wear, adhesive wear, microfracture, cleavage, and chemical wear. The relative importance of each type of wear depends on the workpiece material and cutting conditions.

Uddin et al. Yoshino et al. In the raster milling of copper, Yin et al. Chemical wear associated with machining ferrous materials has long been recognized. Chemical wear consists of diffusion of carbon atoms from the diamond into the workpiece, and to graphitization of the diamond.

It has been found to be associated with the number of unpaired d-shell electrons [ 59 ]. In the diamond turning of 3Cr2NiMo steel, Zou et al. To reduce the graphitization of the tool during machining of commercially pure titanium and the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V, Zareena and Veldhuis [ 75 ] coated the tool with perfluoropolyether PFPE.

To measure the wear of tools, Evans et al. The plunge cut is then measured with a scanning white light interferometer and compared with a plunge cut made with the new tool. To directly measure the tool edge geometry, Lucca and Seo [ 15 ] demonstrated the use of scanning probe microscopy SPM see Sec. It is well known that the wear of diamond is anisotropic.

In one of the first works to quantify this effect, Wilks and Wilks [ 77 ] measured the material removal rate MRR of diamond when lapped or ground. Different crystallographic planes were examined as were different directions. Figure 8 shows a summary of the results where the MRR is a relative value normalized to lapping or grinding on the plane in the [] cutting direction. Note there is a two order of magnitude difference in the material removal rate for the plane, [] direction compared with the plane, [] direction.

Relative MRR of diamond when lapped or ground for various planes and directions [ 53 ]. In diamond turning, the cutting motion is generated by the rotation of the workpiece, while the tool is moved relative to the surface. In contrast to conventional machining, diamond turning does not require complex tool geometries, and as a result, the cutting kinematics is straightforward [ 53 ].

In addition to the generation of continuous surfaces, diamond turning can also be used to manufacture optical structures by either replicating the geometry of the diamond tool into the surface, or by modulation of the infeed depth. In the most basic setup, only two controlled axes for generating the feed and infeed motion and a spindle are necessary for the generation of rotationally symmetric structures, e.

The surface roughness is 9. Diamond milling is one of the most flexible and efficient processes in ultraprecision machining. Unlike in diamond turning, the tool rotates while the workpiece is moved by a comparably slow translational or rotational motion defined by a numerically controlled path to achieve a constant cutting velocity.

A wide range of optical quality geometries can be produced, and complex, continuous shapes or structured surfaces can be generated. Diamond milling processes are classified as either face milling or peripheral milling. In face milling, the tool rotates perpendicularly to the workpiece surface, while in peripheral milling, the rotational axis of the tool is parallel to the surface to be machined [ 67 ]. These diamond milling geometries are shown in Fig.

Diamond milling has been successfully used in the generation of functional surfaces. Typical shapes of diamond tools used for the structuring of functional surfaces by diamond milling are shown in Fig. As a result of the development of multi-axis ultraprecision machine tools, raster milling emerged as one method for milling freeform surfaces. The surface is then generated raster line by raster line [ 53 ]. A comparison of flat surfaces produced by diamond turning and by raster milling is shown in Fig.

The diamond turned surface shows the spiral path of the cutting tool, whereas the raster milling surface shows the scallops created on the surface as a result of the intermittent cutting process. Flycutting is the simplest diamond milling operation, where the flycutter moves in a straight line, and the process is mainly used for the face milling of flats or peripheral milling of profiles and prism arrays [ 53 ].

Diamond flycutting is typically performed with a single cutting edge, and as a result exhibits low machining efficiency. In recent work, a tool setting mechanism based on a thermo-mechanical actuator was designed and built to incorporate multiple cutting edges in such diamond milling operations [ 81 ].

Classification of diamond milling processes [ 67 ]. Typical shapes of diamond tools for structuring of functional surfaces by diamond milling [ 79 ]. Comparison of typical surface topographies achieved by a diamond turning and b diamond raster milling [ 80 ]. Servo machining is used to significantly extend the flexibility of diamond turning. By modulating the cutting depth dynamically according to the radial and angular position of the surface to be machined, surfaces and structures beyond those with rotational symmetry can be realized in a turning process.

Slow Slide and Fast Tool Servo machining are the most commonly used methods for generating non-rotationally symmetric optical surfaces. Fast Tool Servos have been developed in various configurations depending on the intended purpose.

For example, Lu and Trumper [ 82 ] developed an ultra-fast tool servo device which was used for the diamond turning of contoured surfaces. A long-range tool servo was developed [ 83 ] to extend the stroke of the tool displacement by using a voice coil driven actuator based on a flexure mechanism equipped with a laser interferometer feedback system.

A two degree of freedom fast tool servo was developed for the diamond turning of freeform surfaces [ 84 ]. A nano-fast tool servo nFTS was specifically developed for the diamond turning of diffractive microstructures [ 85 ], and the influence of different workpiece material properties on process forces, burr and chip formation, and surface finish was examined.

It was found that burr and chip formation were predominantly influenced by the machining strategy. The same nFTS device was used to generate submicron optical structures diffractive optical elements for ultraviolet applications [ 86 ]. Figure 13 shows a white light interferometric image of a holographic structure that was diamond turned into a copper-nickel-zinc surface using the nFTS. A piezo-actuated dual-axial fast tool servo DA-FTS was developed for the diamond turning of micro-structured surfaces into single crystal silicon.

In the process, a complex shaped primary surface was generated by cutting, and a secondary nanostructure by residual tool marks through actively controlling the tool loci [ 87 ]. Moriwaki and Shamoto [ 88 ] were the first to introduce the use of ultrasonic vibration to a single crystal diamond tool in their seminal investigation of the diamond turning of stainless steel. It is well accepted that excessive chemical wear occurs to a single crystal diamond tool when machining ferrous materials see Sec.

In their study, Moriwaki and Shamoto applied a 40 kHz vibration to the single crystal diamond tool in the cutting direction. It was found that an optical quality surface of the stainless steel workpiece could be produced with a surface roughness R max of 0.

A similar study by the same research group was performed on the ultraprecision machining of glass with a single crystal diamond tool, where again the ultrasonic vibration was applied in the cutting direction [ 89 ]. Several years later, based on the same concept, Shamoto and Moriwaki [ 90 ] introduced ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting.

An elliptical motion in a plane including both the cutting and thrust directions was applied to a high speed steel tool to cut OFHC copper, first in a scanning electron microscope [ 90 ], and then on a ultraprecision lathe [ 91 ].

Using the elliptical motion, a surface roughness R max of 0. Figure 14 shows the overall cutting geometry used. The technique has also been applied to milling, with the development of an elliptical vibration milling machine [ 92 ].

Since its introduction, elliptical vibration machining has been extensively studied and its application has broadened beyond the cutting of steel. It has also been applied to the cutting of difficult-to-machine materials, such as tungsten carbide. Microphotographs of the micro textured grooves and the surface profiles along the cutting direction are shown in Fig. The generation of freeform surfaces, i. With the emergence of multi-axis machine tools, deterministic diamond milling processes using at least three numerically controlled axes, operating either in Cartesian or polar coordinates, have been used to create a variety of optical surfaces with applications particular to modern telescopes and their instrumentation [ 94 ].

A comprehensive review on the current applications of freeform optics and current research topics including their manufacture and measurement has been put forth [ 95 ]. A SSS diamond turning technique was introduced which enables the machining of deep aspheric surfaces in a fast and economic way and provides an alternative to ball-end milling. See them in action here! These are 1 mm wire drill bits. Use them for making holes in stones for jewelry, including beads, pendants and earrings. It is great for making holes in stones for jewelry, including beads, pendants and earrings.

Dop Wax, Templates for Stone Cutting. Aluminum Scribe. Wood Dopsticks. Set of 5 Colored Templates. Click on the link below if you would like to get an idea of shipping cost on your package Shipping Calculators. Key Features include: Handy storage for dop sticks, wax, and other tools. Wide bezel on warming pot for pre-heating stones. Lighted switch for convenient and safe operation.

Barranca Lapidary Grinders Lortone Saws. Barranca Lapidary Saws Cabbing Machines. Diamond Blades Bull Wheel. Another photo. Saw Cutting Oil Never run a diamond cutting blade dry as it can immediately damage your blade. Tool Cool A heavy duty water soluble synthetic cutting and grinding fluid with lubricant. Cutting: Mix 10 to 1 with water Grinding: Mix 20 to 1 with water.